4/20/2020 Transcription Dna
Animated overview of DNA translation. Saturday, 14 May 2011.
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This animation shows how a variety of proteins interact to regulate the transcription of eukaryotic DNA into RNA.During transcription, DNA is copied into RNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. As shown in the animation, this process involves many different proteins. Some of these proteins are general transcription factors that recruit RNA polymerase to the gene.
Other proteins, such as activators, repressors, and mediators, are transcription factors that regulate the action of RNA polymerase.Depending on students’ background, it may be helpful to pause the animation at various points to discuss different molecules or regions of DNA.
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Transcription factor, that controls the activity of a by determining whether the gene’s (deoxyribonucleic acid) is transcribed into (ribonucleic acid). The catalyzes the chemical reactions that synthesize RNA, using the gene’s DNA as a template. Transcription factors control when, where, and how efficiently RNA polymerases function.Transcription factors are vital for the normal development of an organism, as well as for routine cellular functions and response to disease.
Transcription factors are a very family of and generally function in multi-subunit complexes. They may bind directly to special “promoter” regions of DNA, which lie upstream of the coding region in a gene, or directly to the RNA polymerase molecule. Transcription factors can activate or repress the of a gene, which is generally a key determinant in whether the gene functions at a given time.
During development of multicellular organisms, transcription factors are responsible for dictating the fate of individual cells. For example, control the pattern of body formation, and these genes encode transcription factors that direct cells to form various parts of the body. A homeotic protein can activate one gene but repress another, producing effects that are complementary and necessary for the ordered development of an organism. If a occurs in any of the homeotic transcription factors, an organism will not develop correctly. For example, in fruit flies , mutation of a particular results in altered transcription, leading to the growth of legs on the head instead of antenna; this is known as the antennapedia mutation. Transcription factors function in the, where genes are found, and nuclear transport (i.e., import or export) of transcription factors can influence their activity.
Another important general mechanism controlling the activity of transcription factors is posttranslational modification such as. Finally, in addition to controlling the genes and transcription of other transcription factors, these protein complexes can also control the genes responsible for their own transcription, leading to complex feedback control mechanisms.
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